Research deals with the aerodynamics of hypersonic speeds in particular, where one encounters significant aerothermodynamic effects, in that the temperatures may become so extreme that normal air will dissociate or even ionize. Aerothermodynamics implies that the aerodynamics and, in its general case, the thermodynamics of not only nitrogen and oxygen molecules must be considered, but of quite a number of species. The special treatment of aerodynamic problems incorporating high enthalpy phenomena starts already if local temperatures of about 800 K occur, since at that level the vibrational modes of molecules may be excited. At approximately 2000 K oxygen will dissociate, at 6000 K nitrogen, whereas ionization starts at about 9000 K. These temperatures are very realistic in hypersonic flight conditions, such as occurring during the atmospheric re-entry of space vehicles. Cold hypersonics. Mach number. Reynolds number. Prandtl number. Hypersonic transition. Flow separation. Shock-boundary layer interaction.
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